Nandha
Engineering college Perundurai,
Erode-52.
Next Generation Mobiles (What is next after smartphones?!)
Presented
By,
A.SATHISHKUMAR
M.REKHA
K.V.RAMYA
Asathishbe3@gmail.com
Introduction:
Of late the
development in technology is at its peak. There is a rapid Hike in inventions
lately. How much ever the inventions are, it never stops at any point. The way
of communication and the devices used for communication is become so hi-fi. For instance, people initially used
devices like Telegram then landlines, Mobile phones and ofcourse now
smartphones for communicating. Now the invention has stepped up and has come
out with a new technology of “Flexible and Foldable displays”. These displays
use OLEDs. To tell in a simpler way its an upgraded version of LED. These
displays can be used in Smartphones, Tablets, TVs
Types of Display screens used in mobile:
TFT LCD
TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor technology. TFT LCDs are the most common type of display units used across mobile phones. TFT LCD offer better image quality and higher resolutions compared to earlier generation LCD displays but their limitation lies in narrow viewing angles and poor visibility in direct light or sunlight.
Large TFT displays consume more power and hence are not battery friendly. But since these are cheaper to manufacture these are found on budget phones, feature phones and lower end smartphones.
TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor technology. TFT LCDs are the most common type of display units used across mobile phones. TFT LCD offer better image quality and higher resolutions compared to earlier generation LCD displays but their limitation lies in narrow viewing angles and poor visibility in direct light or sunlight.
Large TFT displays consume more power and hence are not battery friendly. But since these are cheaper to manufacture these are found on budget phones, feature phones and lower end smartphones.
IPS-LCD
IPS stands for In-Place Switching. IPS LCDs are superior to normal TFT LCD displays with wider viewing angles and lower power consumption which leads to a much improved battery life. IPS-LCDs are costlier than normal TFT LCD and hence are found only on higher end smartphones. A higher resolution (640 x 960 pixels) version of IPS LCD is used in Apple iPhone 4 and is called Retina Display because of its brilliant picture quality.
Resistive Touchscreen LCD
Touchscreen LCD displays are of two types – Resistive and Capacitive. Resistive touchscreens contain two layer of conductive material with a very small gap between them which acts as a resistance. When the resistive touchscreen is touched with finger (or stylus) the two layers meet at the point of touch thus making a circuit at the point of touch. This information is recognized by the mobile’s processor / chip and passed on to the mobile’s OS there by triggering and event / action at the point of touch.
Resistive Touchscreens are not as responsive as capacitive touchscreens and often require a stylus to identify point of touch accurately. These are used only in lower end smartphones and feature touch phones.
IPS stands for In-Place Switching. IPS LCDs are superior to normal TFT LCD displays with wider viewing angles and lower power consumption which leads to a much improved battery life. IPS-LCDs are costlier than normal TFT LCD and hence are found only on higher end smartphones. A higher resolution (640 x 960 pixels) version of IPS LCD is used in Apple iPhone 4 and is called Retina Display because of its brilliant picture quality.
Resistive Touchscreen LCD
Touchscreen LCD displays are of two types – Resistive and Capacitive. Resistive touchscreens contain two layer of conductive material with a very small gap between them which acts as a resistance. When the resistive touchscreen is touched with finger (or stylus) the two layers meet at the point of touch thus making a circuit at the point of touch. This information is recognized by the mobile’s processor / chip and passed on to the mobile’s OS there by triggering and event / action at the point of touch.
Resistive Touchscreens are not as responsive as capacitive touchscreens and often require a stylus to identify point of touch accurately. These are used only in lower end smartphones and feature touch phones.
Capacitive Touchsceen LCD
Capacitive touchscreen technology consists of a layer of glass coated with a transparent conductor (like indium tin oxide). When a capacitive touchscreen is touched by human body (finger), an interruption is created in the screens electrostatic field (which is measurable as a change in capacitance) which is detected by phone’s processor or chip and which in turn instructs phone’s operating system to trigger and event or action accordingly.
Capacitive touch sense are much better and responsive to human touch when compared to resistive touch sense and hence the user experience for touch is much better with capacitive touchscreens. Capacitive Touch sense are used in most of the higher end smartphones.
Capacitive touchscreen technology consists of a layer of glass coated with a transparent conductor (like indium tin oxide). When a capacitive touchscreen is touched by human body (finger), an interruption is created in the screens electrostatic field (which is measurable as a change in capacitance) which is detected by phone’s processor or chip and which in turn instructs phone’s operating system to trigger and event or action accordingly.
Capacitive touch sense are much better and responsive to human touch when compared to resistive touch sense and hence the user experience for touch is much better with capacitive touchscreens. Capacitive Touch sense are used in most of the higher end smartphones.
Gorilla Glass
Gorilla Glass is a special alkali-aluminosilicate glass shield with exceptional damage resistance that helps protect mobile displays from scratches, drops, and bumps of everyday use. Many companies like Motorola, Samsung and Nokia are now using Gorilla Glass to make their mobile displays more durable and reliable. It is always better to go for a smartphone with Gorilla Glass for that added protection and peace of mind.
Gorilla Glass is a special alkali-aluminosilicate glass shield with exceptional damage resistance that helps protect mobile displays from scratches, drops, and bumps of everyday use. Many companies like Motorola, Samsung and Nokia are now using Gorilla Glass to make their mobile displays more durable and reliable. It is always better to go for a smartphone with Gorilla Glass for that added protection and peace of mind.
OLED
OLED stands for Organic Light Emitting Diode and is a newer technology for displays of mobiles and monitors. In OLED technology a layer of organic material (carbon based) is sandwiched between two conducting sheets (an anode and a cathode), which in turn are sandwiched between a glass top plate (seal) and a glass bottom plate (substrate). When electric pulse is applied the two conducting sheets, electro-luminescent light is produced directly from the organic material sandwiched between. Brightness and color can vary depending on the electric pulse.
OLEDs are much better compared to LCDs because of their exceptional color reproduction, blazing fast response times, wider viewing angles, higher brightness and extremely light weight designs.
Flexible OLEDs:
OLED is an emerging display technology
that enables beautiful and efficient displays and lighting panels. Over the past year or so there has been a lot of
excitement about the release of flexible displays. The mass production of
flexible screens is greatly anticipated, in part because of their
purported indestructible qualities - but mostly because they
guarantee, bona fide, that we are living in the future we imagined as children.
In this article, we take a look at flexible screens and displays and give an
overview of how they work. Thin OLEDs are
already being used in many mobile devices and TVs, and the next generation of
these panels will be flexible and bendable.
OLED Components:
Like an
LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor
device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a
human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic
material; in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from
the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article, we'll be focusing on the
two-layer design.
An
OLED consists of the following parts:
Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The
substrate supports the OLED.
Anode (transparent): The anode removes
electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the
device.
Organic layers -
These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
Conducting layer -
This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport
"holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is
polyaniline.
Emissive layer -
This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the
conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where
light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
Cathode (may
or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects
electrons when a current flows through the device.
The biggest part
of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the substrate.
Types of OLEDs:
Passive and Active Matrix
There are several
types of OLEDs:
- Passive-matrix
OLED
- Active-matrix
OLED
- Transparent
OLED
- Top-emitting
OLED
- Foldable
OLED
- White OLED
Each type has
different uses. In the following sections, we'll discuss each type of OLED.
Let's start with passive-matrix and active-matrix OLEDs.
Passive-matrix
OLED (PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers
and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode
strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry
applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which
pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each
pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.
PMOLEDs are easy to make,
but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power
needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and
icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as
those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry,
passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently
power these devices.
Active-matrix
OLED (AMOLED)
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic
molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT)
array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that
determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.
AMOLEDs
consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than
external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have
faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer
monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs.
Transparent
OLED
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent
components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85
percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is
turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED
display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used
for heads-up displays.
Top-emitting
OLED
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is
either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers
may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.
Foldable
OLED
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very
flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and
durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage,
a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be
attached to fabrics to create "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival
clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED
display sewn into it.White OLEDs
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting. In the next section, we'll discuss the pros and cons of OLED technology and how it compares to regular LED and LCD technology.
How do OLEDs Emit Light?
OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs,
through a process called electrophosphorescence.The process is as follows:
- The battery or
power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across
the OLED.
- An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode
through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic
molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the
conductive layer.)
- At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive
layers, electrons find electron holes. When an electron finds an electron
hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of
light.
- The OLED emits light.
- The color of the light depends on the type of organic
molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of
organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.
6.
The intensity or brightness of the
light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light
OLED
vs LCD:
OLED displays have the following advantages
over LCD displays: Lower power consumption Faster refresh rate and better
contras Greater brightness - The screens are brighter, and have a fuller
viewing angle Exciting displays - new types of displays, that we do not have
today, like ultra-thin, flexible or transparent displays Better durability -
OLEDs are very durable and can operate in a broader temperature range Lighter
weight - the screen can be made very thin, and can even be 'printed' on
flexible surfaces
OLED Advantages and Disadvantages:
The LCD is currently the display of choice in
small devices and is also popular in large-screen TVs. Regular LEDs often form
the digits on digital clocks and other electronic devices. OLEDs offer many
advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:- The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the
crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
- Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the
substrate of an OLED can be flexible
instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass
used for LEDs and LCDs.
- OLEDs are brighter
than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the
corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and
emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs
require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not
require glass.
- OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs work by
selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you
see, while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require
backlighting, they consume much
less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the
backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices
such as cell phones.
- OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes.
Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin
sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid
crystals.
- OLEDs have large fields
of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking
light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs
produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
Problems
with OLED
OLED seems to be the perfect technology for
all types of displays, but it also has some problems:- Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes
(46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter
lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours)
- Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.
- Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
Current and Future OLED Applications:
Currently, OLEDs are used in small-screen
devices such as cell phones, PDAs and digital cameras. In September 2004, Sony Corporation
announced that it was beginning mass production of OLED screens for its CLIE
PEG-VZ90 model of personal-entertainment handhelds. Kodak was the first to
release a digital camera with an OLED display in March 2003; the Easy Share
LS633.Several companies have already built prototype computer monitors and
large-screen TVs that use OLED technology. In May 2005, Samsung Electronics
announced that it had developed a prototype 40-inch, OLED-based, ultra-slim TV,
the first of its size. And in October 2007, Sony announced that it would be the
first to market with an OLED television. The XEL-1 will be available in
December 2007 for customers in Japan. It lists for 200,000 Yen -- or about
$1,700 U.S. Research and development in the field of OLEDs is proceeding
rapidly and may lead to future applications in heads-up displays, automotive
dashboards, billboard-type displays, home and office lighting and flexible
displays. Because OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs -- almost 1,000 times faster --
a device with an OLED display could change information almost in real time.
Video images could be much more realistic and constantly updated. The newspaper
of the future might be an OLED display that refreshes with breaking news and
like a regular newspaper, you could fold it up when you're done reading it and
stick it in your backpack or briefcase.Conclusion:
These OLEDs can not only be used in mobiles but also in TVs, TABs, Home lightings, etc. Since they have a good lighting effect compared to other displays they can be used in different fields according to the need. As the OLED is so thin and flexible they will have a wider application even in future. This OLED is also been expected to be used by many people all around the world (i.e) it’s expected to have good popularity and welcomed by people.
